[12]. The northernmost boundary of the Siwaliks Group is marked by the Main Boundary Thrust (MBT), over which the low-grade metasedimentary rocks of the Lesser Himalaya overlie. [4], Immediately prior to the onset of the Indo-Asian collision, the northern boundary of the Indian shield was likely a thinned continental margin on which Proterozoic clastic sediments and the Cambrian ±Eocene Tethyan shelf sequence were deposited.[1]. Size The Himalayas stretch 2,400km long and vary from 240-330km wide. It is the Nepalese extension of the Indo-Gangetic Plains, which covers most of northern and eastern India, the most populous parts of Pakistan, and virtually all of Bangladesh. In between the Shiwaliks in the south and the Greater Himalayas in the north. At its base, it is bounded by the MCT. Himalayas between Tibet and Ganga Plain is a succession of three parallel ranges. Map. Outer Himalaya exhibits low denudated hill ranges whereas Lesser Himalaya Volume XLIII, June 13 & E 77º00’ and latitudes N30º45' & N31º -tectonic domain of Himalayas. This region is located north of the Mahabharata range or Lesser Himalaya. The protolith of the HHC is interpreted to be Late Proterozoic clastic sedimentary rocks deposited on the northern Indian margin.[11]. are located here. Valleys are part of synclines and hills are part of anticlines or antisynclines. In central Nepal, the metamorphic grade increases from low (chlorite + biotite) to medium (biotite + garnet + kyanite + staurolite) towards the MCT over a north-south distance. Tectonic map of the Himalaya. Highly vulnerable to sea-level rise. The Shiwaliks are consolidated sands, gravels and conglomerate deposits [Alluvial fans] which were brought by the rivers flowing from the higher ranges. These bends are called syntaxial bends of the Himalayas. The Kumaon Himalaya, lying between the Kali River in the east and Sutlej in the west, include a 320 km stretch of mountainous terrain. Crystalline zones of Almora, Baijnath and Askot (Almora Nappe) 2. Primary References: NCERT Geography, Indian Geography by Kullar [Amazon and Flipkart], Copyright © 2016-21 Pmfias.com. The vast alluvial plains of the Indo-Gangetic Basin evolved as a foreland basin in the southern part of the rising Himalaya, before breaking up along a series of steep faults known as the Himalayan Frontal Fault[6] or the Main Frontal Thrust. a system of individual mountain massifs and ranges in the central part of the Himalayas, between the Great Himalayas on the north and the Siwalik Range on the south. Pir Panjal Pass (3,480 m), the Bidil (4,270 m), Golabghar Pass (3,812 m) and Banihal Pass (2,835 m). The hills here range 2000 to 3000 meters and are located along the Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) fault zone. Lesser Himalayan rocks are less metamorphosed than the rocks of the overlying Bhimphedis nappes and the crystalline rocks of the Higher Himalayan Zone. You must log in with that email address to be able to download. Jul 21, 2014 - This Pin was discovered by Writer Girl. Since 55 Ma the Himalayan orogeny beginning with the collision of Indian subcontinent and Eurasia at the Paleocene/Eocene epoch,[2] has thickened the Indian crust to its present thickness of 70 km (43 mi). Figure 1. [16], This zone extends from the MCT to Tibetan-Tethys Zone and runs throughout the country. This zone is about 40 km wide and composed of fossiliferous sedimentary rocks such as shale, sandstone and limestone etc. The Himalayas – History, Map and Facts. Shiwalik Hills were formed by the accumulation of conglomerates (sand, stone, silt, gravel, debris etc.). The flat valley between lesser Himalaya and Shiwalik Range are called Doons. Please enter your email address. {Fluvial Landforms, Glacial Landforms}, Jehlum River meanders through these deposits and cuts a deep gorge in Pir Panjal through which it drains. Many peaks are more than 5,050 m above sea level and are snow covered throughout the year. Major rivers in the world- Indus, Ganga, and Tsangpo rise in the Himalayas. All rights reserved | Terms & Privacy | Amazon Affiliate Disclosure. It rises from the fluvial plains of the active foreland basin, and this front generally mapped as the trace of the Main Frontal Thrust (MFT). The Great Himalaya, also known as Inner Himalaya, Central Himalaya or Himadri, is the loftiest and the most continuous mountain range of the world.This is the northern most or the innermost of all Himalayan ranges. [3] The northwest tip of India after colliding with Asia seems to have met along the full length of the suture by about 40 Ma. Two major groups – Lakshadweep and, Andaman and Nicobar islands. The metamorphic grade within the Lesser Himalaya increases towards the MCT and at higher structural levels. You will receive mail with link to set new password. Irrespective of the package you choose, Current Affairs of Geography, Environment, Sci & Tech and Indian Agriculture are available from, Current Affairs of Art and Culture and Indian Economy are available from, Once the payment is made, you need to log in to the, Formation (Formation of Himalayas already explained), The Shiwaliks are known by different names in different areas. [22] In central Nepal,[23] the upper Formation III consists of augen orthogneisses, whereas the Middle Formation II are calcsilicate gneisses and marbles, and the basal Formation I are kyanite- and sillimanite bearing metapelites, gneisses, and metagreywacke with abundant quartzite. In contrast, transverse streams cut valleys parallel to the slope (along the dip). The Lesser Himalaya is folded into a vast post-metamorphic anticlinal structure known as the Kunchha-Gorkha anticlinorium. South of Naga Hills are the Manipur hills which are generally less than 2,500 metres in elevation. The Lesser Himalayas is made up mostly of the unfossiliferous sedimentary and metasedimentary rocks; such as shale, sandstone, conglomerate, slate, phyllite, schist, quartzite, limestone and dolomite. Region 1. Includes the entire south India, central India, Aravalis, Rajmahal hills, Meghalaya plateau, Kuchchh-Kathiawar region (Gujarat) etc.. Includes the Himalayas, Purvanchal and their extensions Arakan Yoma (Myanmar) and Andaman and Nicobar Islands (but we will consider these as islands only). The geology is complicated due to folding, faulting and thrusting and are largely unfossiliferous. Lesser Himalaya is also known as Mahabharat Zone. The ranges are separated by deep valleys creating a highly. ADVERTISEMENTS: 3. This zone consists of almost 10 km thick succession of the crystalline rocks, commonly called the Himal Group. Only a few peaks of this range attain heights of over 6000 metres. It has been dissected into a number of plains and mountains [Soda Plains, Aksai Chin, Lingzi Tang, Depsang Plains and Chang Chenmo]. Has active volcanoes and is tectonically active. … Himalayan ranges take sharp southward bends at these gorges. Jul 16, 2019 - Explore Shambhav bhargava's board "Himalayas map" on Pinterest. [18] Hagen called them Khumbu Nappes, and Lumbasumba Nappes. This zone is home to some of the deepest canyons in the world. Majority of the Himalayan hill resorts like Shimla, Mussoorie, Ranikhet, Nainital, Almora and Darjeeling, etc. Eastern Hills or The Purvanchal are the southward extension of Himalayas running along the north-eastern edge of India. If you purchase the notes with “Download Validity == 2 Years,” on 11/04/2021, then you will be able to download the Static Files + Current Affairs files till 13/04/2023. The conglomerates were well settled at the bottom of the lakes. Coastal Plains (Sediments due to fluvial action). Average height is above 3000m. With passage of time, these temporary lakes accumulated more and more conglomerates. Log out Log In Log in to download. Length, about 2,000 km; width, from 10-20 km in the east to 100 km in the west. 1). Structural Interpretation of Potwar Sub-basin, Western Lesser Himalayas, Pakistan Shahina Tariq 1. Between the Great and Lesser Himalayas are several fertile longitudinal vales; in India the largest is the Vale of Kashmir, an ancient lake basin with an area of about 1,700 square miles (4,400 square km). Some of the peaks are more than 8,000 metre above sea level. The Great Himalayas, ranging from 30 to 45 miles (50 to 75 km) wide, include some of … 1998b). Homing different religions and cultures, Himalayas are spread across 5 countries, consisting of Bhutan, China, India, Nepal, and Pakistan, and inhabits 52.7 million people. The passes because they are generally higher than 4,570 m above sea level and are snowbound for most of the year. Runs almost parallel to both the ranges. 1 Year Validity == Validity of the Download links (both Static & Current Affairs) is 1 Year from the date of purchase. Average elevation of 6,100 m above sea level and an average width of about 25 km. The gangetic plain is also called the Terai which is a rich, fertile and ancient land in the southern parts of Nepal. [25], Morpho-tectonic division of Nepal Himalaya, 10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112<467:ICOTSR>2.0.CO;2, "Thermal structure and exhumation history of the Lesser Himalaya in central Nepal", 10.1130/0016-7606(1998)110<0002:NFBDEU>2.3.CO;2, "An overview of the metamorphic evolution in Central Nepal", 10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108<0904:ICOTAA>2.3.CO;2, "Age of initiation of collision between India and Asia: A review of stratigraphic data", "An overview of the stratigraphy and tectonics of the Nepal Himalaya", "Stratigraphy, structure, and tectonic evolution of the Himalayan fold-thrust belt in western Nepal", "Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Himalayan orogen as constrained by along-strike variation of structural geometry, exhumation history, and foreland sedimentation", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geology_of_Nepal&oldid=1012749526#Lesser_Himalaya, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 18 March 2021, at 02:58. Geological Map of the Kumaon Lesser Himalayas (After Valdiya, 1978). Subscribe to our newsletter and never miss an important update! The red line I have drawn in the upper graphic in the northeast portion of the map is where I will be trekking along the Ramganga river near the town of Munsiyari. Sr. No. The Siwalik Hills are the outermost ranges or foothills located to the south of the main Himalayas. ... the Lesser Himalaya, and the Greater Himalaya. The thickness is currently presumed to be 7,400 m.[24] The rocks of the Tibetan Tethys Series (TSS) consist of a thick and nearly continuous lower Paleozoic to lower Tertiary marine sedimentary succession. The Himachal ran… In Kumaon Himalayas, lesser Himalayas is represented by Mussoorie and Nag Tibba range and Shiwalik in this region runs smooth to south of Mussoorie range between Ganga and Yamuna River. These slopes are highly dissected by seasonal streams called. (a) Regional geographic map of south central Asiaß (b) Generalized tectonic map of northern India, Nepal, and nearby regions. The Great Himalayan Passes. East of the Kosi River, the Sapt Kosi, Sikkim, Bhutan, Miri, Abor and Mishmi hills represent the lower Himalayas. The Lesser Himalaya is a fold-and-thrust belt bounded by the Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) in the south and the Main Central Thrust (MCT) in the north. They are the lowest range of the Himalayas, with a height of 600 to 1500mts and width varying from 15-150 km. The Siwaliks Group consists of upward-coarsening successions of fluvial mudstone, siltstone, sandstone, and conglomerate. 2,400 km (1,500 mi) from Nanga Parbat (8,138 m (26,699 ft)) by the Indus River in northern Pakistan eastward to Namche Barwa (7,756 m (25,446 ft)) by the gorge of the Tsangpo-Brahmaputra in eastern Tibet. They are almost unbroken chain of low hills except for a gap of 80-90 km which is occupied by the valley of the, Shiwalik range from North-East India up to Nepal are covered with thick forests but the forest cover decreases towards west from Nepal (The quantum of rainfall decreases from, The southern slopes of Shiwalik range in Punjab and Himachal Pradesh are almost devoid of forest cover. The upward coarsening sequence of the sediments obviously exhibit the time-history in the evolution and growth of the Himalaya during the early Tertiary time.[8]. Barbed line indicates the front of the Himalayan fold-thrust belt. a. It stretches for a distance of about 1,000 km in east-west direction. [5] From south to north, it can be divided into five latitudinal morpho-tectonic zones and these are : 3 Lesser Himalayan (Mahabharat Mountain Range). The alluvial deposits mainly consists of boulders, gravel, sand, silt and clay. Passes of greater Himalaya. [13] The southern flank of the anticlinorium is weakly metamorphosed, whereas the northern flank is highly metamorphosed. Patkai Bum and Naga Hills form the watershed between India and Myanmar. Figure 1 Location map of study area covering The ground elevation of study area ranges above msl towards north-east. Shipki La [The Hindustan-Tibet Road connecting Shimla with Gartok in Western Tibet], Jelep La [important trade route connecting Kalimpong (near Darjeeling) with Lhasa in Tibet, passes through Jelep La (4,386 m)]. The High Himalayan Crystalline units (HHC) [20] are mainly composed of kyanite- to sillimanite-grade gneisses intruded by High Himalayan leucogranites at structurally higher levels. The average width of this region is 40 km at the extremities and about 225 km in the central part. Bull Dep Geol Tribhuvan Univ 9(Special Issue):1–60 Google Scholar ESCAP (Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific) (1993) Geology and mineral resources of Nepal, atlas of mineral resources of the ESCAP region, vol 9. It separates Indian subcontinent plains from Tibetan plateau and controls the climate at the boundaries, keeping monsoon in Indian plains and limiting it in Tibet. km in a state of Jammu and Kashmir. They have unique ecology, vegetation and diversity of medicinal flora due to tremendous variation in the The northern most range of the Trans-Himalayan Ranges in India is the Great. The Lesser Himalaya, also called the Lower Himalaya, or the Midlands, is a thick (about 7 km) section of para-autochthonous crystalline rocks made up of low- to medium grade rocks. The Lesser Himalaya comprises the low- to medium-grade metasedimentary rocks of Late Precam-brian–Early Paleozoic age (Sto¨cklin, 1980), overlain unconformably by the Gondwana type Late Paleo- French workers used the term Dalle du Tibet (Tibetan Slab) for this unit. The Lesser Himalayas extend for some 1,550 miles (2,500 km) northwest-southeast across the northern limit of the Indian subcontinent. These lower Proterozoic clastic rocks[11] are subdivided into two groups. The rocks are considered to be deposited in a part of the Indian passive continental margin. The Lesser Himalayas are a physiographic province juxtaposed against the Siwaliks by the Main Boundary Thrust and against the Greater or High Himalayas by the Main Central Thrust. Already purchased? Lesser/Middle Himalayas: 1. The folds in this range are asymmetrical with steep south slope and gentle north slope giving ‘hog back (a long, steep hill or mountain ridge)’ topography. From south to north, it can be divided into five latitudinal morpho-tectonic zones and these are : Faculty of Earth and Environmental Sciences 2. Lost your password? The Shiwalik in this region runs south of the Mussoori range between the Ganga and the Yamuna rivers. The Himalayan ranges immediately north of the Great Himalayan range. The geology of Kumaun Lesser Himalaya broadly falls within two main tectonic units, viz. It is a foreland basin which consists of the sediments brought down from the northern part of Nepal. Several Burzil pass, Zojila pass. It has an average elevation of … They extend from Jammu and Kashmir in the west to Arunachal Pradesh in the east. It rises to 5,000 metres and contains mostly volcanic rocks. The western syntaxial bend occurs near the, The eastern syntaxial bend occurs near the. (average elevation is 1,585 m above mean sea level), The synclinal basin of the valley is floored with alluvial, lacustrine [lake deposits], fluvial [river action] and glacial deposits. The highest-grade rocks (kyanite and sillimanite gneisses) are found within the MCT shear zone, i.e. Once the payment is made, you need to log in to the Downloads Page to download the files (check your email for the login details). Tibetan Himalayan zones (Tethys Himalaya). Dhital MR, Thapa PB, Ando H (2002) Geology of the inner Lesser Himalaya between Kusma and Syangja in western Nepal. Image: Mountains and tectonic plates of the world. These units can be correlated with the Sub Himalaya of Pakistan and of northern India. Heim & Gansser 1939, and Gansser 1964 divided the rocks of the Himalaya into four tectonostratigraphic zones that are characterised by distinctive stratigraphy and physiography. Much pioneer work was done at the turn of the century followed by more modern investigations between 1930 and 1940. Punjab plain . Heim and Gansser divided the rocks of the Himalaya into four tectonostratigraphic zones that are characterised by distinctive stratigraphy and physiography. There are three different ranges in the Great Himalayas Mountain Range; the Greater Himalayas, Lesser Himalayas and the Outer Himalayas. [19] Arita calls it the Himalayan Gneiss Group,[16] and it lies above the MCT II, or the upper MCT. It encompasses 15000 glaciers, including Gangotri, Yamunotri, Khumbu, Langtang and zemuin different p… No significant volcanism or tectonic activity in recent past. The Lesser Himalayas in Kumaon Himalaya is represented by the Mussoorie and Nag Tiba ranges. The Indo-Australian plate is also moving horizontally against the Tibetan plateau which also assists in the further lifting of the Himalaya range. The youngest sediments on the top are the conglomerates, and the sandstones and mudstones are dominant in the lower portions. The Himalayan arc extends about The Lesser Himalayas are southward spurs of the Great Himayalan Range. This is an interactive digital map in Scalable Vector Graphic (SVG) format. It is delineated by the Himalayan Frontal Thrust (HFT) and Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) in south and north respectively. upper Lesser Himalaya. Islamabad, Pakistan Zia Ul Hasan Shah 1. Current Affairs of Art and Culture and Indian Economy are available from November 2020. The Indian Islands [Coral Islands == coral reef built up on atolls – Lakshadweep. Lakshadweep [Hotspot] are group of atolls occupied by coral reefs. 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Range boasts of the lakes structural levels Himalayan hill resorts like Shimla Darjeeling. Anticlinorium is weakly metamorphosed, whereas the northern region consists of upward-coarsening of... The Hills here range 2000 to 3000 meters and are snowbound for most of the Himalayas Sub Himalaya Pakistan. Than 5,050 m above sea level Higher than 4,570 m above sea level and are snow covered the... The Shiwalik in this region is located north of the peaks are more than 8,000 metre above sea.. Successions of fluvial mudstone, siltstone, sandstone, and the Greater Himalayas is interpreted to be deposited a! Hhz ) is a rich, fertile and ancient land in the west Shahina Tariq 1,,! Mct I and MCT II ) on each side of the Himalayan hill resorts like Shimla,.! Represent the lower portions composed of three units that are known as the foothills located to north-east! The Ladakh range were formed last of all the ranges are the extension of Himalayas running the... 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